The aim of this WP is to validate single-electron current sources by testing the universality, robustness and reproducibility. The robustness of a quantum current standard means that its output current is insensitive to its control parameters and environment over a range that can be realistically controlled.

The accuracy is closely related to robustness: when there is a flat plateau, the device is expected to be accurate; however, this needs to be experimentally verified.

• Tests of the robustness and accuracy of each electron pump.
• The reproducibility of different pump types at different institutes in different cryogenic environments.
• Comparisons between electron pumps to test their universality.
• Coherent guidelines for testing the accuracy of quantum current standards.